Human Rights List

Correction de l'exercice

Right to Equality

This right requires the law to be “blind to differences”, in other words, to treat all people the same, regardless of their race, gender, sex, language, religion, culture, sexual orientation or other characteristic.

The right to life

A human being has the right not to be killed by another human being. This right is central to debates on the issues of abortion, capital punishment, euthanasia, self defense and war. It may also be interpreted to include a duty to protect against environmental threats (such as toxic waste or radioactivity) and a duty to provide medical assistance.

Freedom from slavery

This right prohibits people being held in conditions in which the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised. It requires that a person be free from work or service that is compelled under the threat of penalty and which the person has not offered to perform voluntarily.

Freedom from Torture

No one shall be subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, which includes such practices as corporal punishment, pain-causing devices, interrogation under duress, biomedical experiments on prisoners, the use of drugs on prisoners, and solitary confinement.

Right to a fair trial

The aim of the right is to ensure the proper administration of justice. It includes the right to be heard by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal, the right to a public hearing, the right to be heard within a reasonable time, the right to counsel, the right to be notified of charges in a timely manner, the right to adequate time and means for the preparation of a defense.

Freedom of speech Freedom of expression

Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference. This right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.

Freedom of conscience

This right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. Human rights groups such as Amnesty International organises campaigns to protect those arrested and or incarcerated because of their beliefs, particularly concerning intellectual, political and artistic freedom of expression and association.

Freedom against arbitrary state action

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. No one shall be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law.

Right to health

States must protect this right by ensuring that everyone within their jurisdiction has access to clean water, sanitation, food, nutrition and housing. This right requires States to reduce infant mortality, to improve environmental and workplace conditions, to prevent, control and treat epidemic diseases, and to create conditions to ensure equal and timely access to medical services for all.

Freedom of association

This right is the individual right to come together with other individuals and collectively express, promote, pursue and defend common interests. The ability to organise is an important means by which citizens can influence their governments and leaders. The right has been most defined and elaborated in international labour law given the particular links between these rights and the ability of workers to secure their economic and social status. More specifically the freedom of assembly is understood in a political context : mass protest is a potent symbol of the exercise of this right.

Freedom of movement

A citizen of a state in which that citizen is present has the liberty to travel, reside in, and/or work in any part of the state where one pleases within the limits of respect for the liberty and rights of others, and to leave that state and return at any time. Some immigrants' rights advocates assert that human beings have a fundamental human right to mobility not only within a state but between states.

Right of asylum

This rights is an ancient juridical notion, under which a person persecuted for political opinions or religious beliefs in his or her own country may be protected by another sovereign authority, a foreign country, or church sanctuaries. Political asylum is similar, but not identical, to modern refugee law, which deals with massive influx of population, while the right of asylum concerns individuals and is usually delivered on a case-to-case basis. There is overlap between the two because each refugee may demand political asylum on an individual basis.

The right to privacy

This right is intended to keep a domain around us, which includes all those things that are part of us, such as our body, home, property, thoughts, feelings, secrets and identity. It gives us the ability to choose which parts in this domain can be accessed by others, and to control the extent, manner and timing of the use of those parts we choose to disclose.

Labor Rights

Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Right to social security

This right requires states to provide some form of social insurance scheme to protect people against the risks of sickness, disability, maternity, employment injury, unemployment or old age; to provide for survivors, orphans, and those who cannot afford health care; and to ensure that families are adequately supported. Benefits from such a scheme must be adequate, accessible to all, and provided without discrimination.

Right to family life

States must ensure that marriages are freely contracted and not forced, and they must provide paid leave or adequate social security to mothers before and after childbirth

Right to an adequate standard of living

This right includes, but is not limited to, the right to adequate food, clothing, housing, and the continuous improvement of living conditions.

Right to free education

States must develop a school system (though it may be public, private, or mixed), encourage or provide scholarships for disadvantaged groups. There should be proper infrastructure and facilities in place with adequate books and materials for students. All children should have equal access to school services regardless of gender, race, religion, ethnicity or socio-economic status. Students should not be expected to conform to any specific religious or ideological views. Methods of teaching should be objective and unbiased and material available should reflect a wide array of ideas and beliefs.

Right to participation in cultural life

Everyone has the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress, and to benefit from the protection of the moral and material rights to any scientific discovery or artistic work they have created. States must work to promote the conservation, development and diffusion of science and culture, and respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity.

Right to self-determination

Nations have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or interference. The principle does not state how the decision is to be made, or what the outcome should be, whether it be independence, federation, protection, some form of autonomy or even full assimilation. Neither does it state what the delimitation between nations should be — or even what constitutes a nation. In fact, there are conflicting definitions and legal criteria for determining which groups may legitimately claim this right.